id,target_name_canonical,target_type,target_uniprot,aptamer_name,aptamer_seq,kd_reported,kd_log10_molar,measurement_class,binding_constant_type,tier,source_origin,verification_level,sequence_status,seq_source,pi_provenance_flag,assay_method,assay_temperature_k,assay_ph,assay_buffer,assay_cations,aptamer_chemistry,aptamer_modifications,source_pmid,doi,verbatim_quote,source_db
478,FLRPp (O serotype),protein,,FMD_1,,3.46e-10 M,-9.461,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,SPR,,,,,DNA,,42010751,10.1021/acs.analchem.5c04748,dissociation constants ( KD ) of 3.46 × 10 -10 M,step2c_acs_v1
459,PSMA,protein,Q04609,C3,,8.000000000000001e-10 M,-9.097,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,EMSA,,,5 mM Mg2+,,DNA,phenol-dT; naphthyl-dC; PSMA-617 bait,41126016,10.1021/jacs.5c13307,an exemplar shows very high affinity for PSMA ( K d ∼ 0.8 nM).,step2c_acs_v1
458,PSMA,protein,Q04609,C3 (without fluorescein),,1e-09 M,-9.0,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,EMSA,,,,,DNA,phenol-dT; naphthyl-dC; Cy5 label,41126016,10.1021/jacs.5c13307,"EMSA data show that Cy5-labeled C3 without fluorescein binds PSMA just as strongly as the parent construct, with an apparent K d of ∼ 1 nM (Figure S9).",step2c_acs_v1
337,human α-thrombin,protein,P00734,LOOPER modified thrombin aptamer,,1.6000000000000003e-09 M,-8.796,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,SPR,,,,,DNA,diversely functionalized; heteromultivalent,28938065,10.1021/jacs.7b07241,"Using single-cycle kinetics surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the LOOPER aptamer exhibited a Kd of 1.6 nM",step2c_acs_v1
316,CD44-HABD,protein,,Motif 4 (ADDA adduct),,2e-09 M,-8.699,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,23057694,10.1021/bi300471d,motifs 2 and 4(ADDA adduct) have ~2 nM affinity to CD44-HABD,step2c_acs_v1
322,S-adenosylmethionine,protein,P17707,Bs SAM-I riboswitch,,3.0000000000000004e-09 M,-8.523,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,23343213,10.1021/ja310742m,"Both μ MSA values agree well with results from the in-line probing assays performed using identical buffer conditions: ... 3 nM K d , respectively",step2c_acs_v1
323,S-adenosylmethionine,protein,P17707,Pi SAM-I riboswitch,,3.0000000000000004e-09 M,-8.523,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,23343213,10.1021/ja310742m,which is on the order of the 3 nM value measured using a conventional inline probing assay,step2c_acs_v1
338,human α-thrombin,protein,P00734,LOOPER modified thrombin aptamer,,4e-09 M,-8.398,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,28938065,10.1021/jacs.7b07241,Preliminary binding analysis by label-free microscale thermophoresis showed a promising dissociation constant K d = 4 nM for thrombin,step2c_acs_v1
461,Lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 15380,protein,,aptamer seq. 5,,6.68e-09 M,-8.175,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,DPV,,,1 × PBS,,DNA,biotin,41323700,10.1039/d5ra06759f,The binding affinity of aptamer seq. 5 was 6.68 nM (Fig. 9C).,step2c_acs_v1
348,NP,protein,Q16612,NP-C04,,8.1e-09 M,-8.092,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,7.4,"20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, and 2 mM CaCl2 (pH 7.4)",,DNA,FAM,30740973,10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04623,"the K d values of NP-D01, NP-C04, and NP-D02 were 76..1 ± 10.9, 8.1 ± 2.4, and 41.3 ± 9.5 nM, respectively.",step2c_acs_v1
423,TAR RNA,protein,Q13395,TAR RNA aptamer (best binding),,9.000000000000001e-09 M,-8.046,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,39167715,10.1021/jacs.4c08824,A Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) experiment revealed that TAR RNA aptamers with the best binding affinity exhibited the dissociation constant ( K D) at 9 nM,step2c_acs_v1
345,streptavidin,protein,,S8,,1e-08 M,-8.0,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,30520292,10.1021/acssensors.8b00945,"At pH 7.4, we determined that S8 has a K d of 10 nM",step2c_acs_v1
366,trastuzumab,protein,Q9ULR3,CH1S-3,,1.0300000000000001e-08 M,-7.987,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,MST,298.15,,washing bu ff er with the addition of 0.005% Tween 20,,DNA,5'-Cy5,32516525,10.1021/jacs.9b13370,a ffi nity with a K d value of aptamer CH1S-3 of 10.3 nM,step2c_acs_v1
334,17 β -Estradiol,protein,P42167,22-mer aptamer,,1.1000000000000001e-08 M,-7.959,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,25803717,10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00335,new 35-mer and 22-mer aptamers were generated with K D ' s of 14 and 11 nM,step2c_acs_v1
333,17 β -Estradiol,protein,P42167,35-mer aptamer,,1.4000000000000001e-08 M,-7.854,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,25803717,10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00335,new 35-mer and 22-mer aptamers were generated with K D ' s of 14 and 11 nM,step2c_acs_v1
314,hMMP-9,protein,,F3Bomf,,2e-08 M,-7.699,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,SPR,296.15,,PBS buffer,,2'-OMe-RNA,2'-O-methyl purine; 2'-fluoro pyrimidine; 5'-hexylamino linker; 5'-MAG3 conjugate,23043415,10.1021/bc300146c,"The K d was taken as the concentration leading to half saturation, i.e., about 20 nM.",step2c_acs_v1
315,hMMP-9,protein,,F3,,2e-08 M,-7.699,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,2'F-RNA,2'-fluoro pyrimidine ribonucleosides,23043415,10.1021/bc300146c,exhibits a strong a ffi nity for hMMP-9 ( K d = 20 nM),step2c_acs_v1
480,NMP22,protein,Q14980,NT2a,,2.4260000000000003e-08 M,-7.615,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,MST,,,,,DNA,biotin,42173503,10.1021/acs.analchem.6c00738,"The K d values were also determined using MicroScale Thermophoresis (MST), and the K d values of NT2a and NT4a were determined to be 24.26 ± 10.47 and 77.29 ± 25.78 nM (Figures 2d and S3).",step2c_acs_v1
321,S-adenosylmethionine,protein,P17707,Bs SAM-I riboswitch,,2.5000000000000002e-08 M,-7.602,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,23343213,10.1021/ja310742m,Both μ MSA values agree well with results from the in-line probing assays performed using identical buffer conditions: 25 nM K d ,step2c_acs_v1
424,verrucarin A,protein,,Ver1_JYP,,2.9500000000000003e-08 M,-7.53,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,7.4,SELEX buffer,,DNA,,39404132,10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03307,The novel ssDNA aptamer exhibited a binding affinity of 29.5 nM,step2c_acs_v1
325,L-TAR RNA,protein,Q13395,D-6-4t,,3.0000000000000004e-08 M,-7.523,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,23977945,10.1021/ja406634g,The Kd of in vitro transcribed D-6-4t for L-TAR is 30 nM,step2c_acs_v1
353,Thrombin,protein,P00734,Antithrombin aptamer,,3.3000000000000004e-08 M,-7.481,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,31580650,10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00081,Antithrombin aptamer with KD of 33 nM was successfully isolated by four rounds of MCP-SELEX.,step2c_acs_v1
354,paramylon,protein,,Par-15,,3.49e-08 M,-7.457,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,7.5,"binding buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5)",,DNA,FAM,31809034,10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04588,"The estimated K d values of fi ve selected aptamers, Par-7, Par-15, Par-18, Par-20, and Par-22, are 17.45 ± 2.61, 34.90 ± 5.83, 64.06 ± 6.72, 123.81 ± 13.41, and 249.52 ± 46.39 nM, respectively.",step2c_acs_v1
311,HAP 1b,protein,,Aptamer 21,,5.0000000000000004e-08 M,-7.301,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,21899290,10.1021/nn2006927,A high-affinity RNA aptamer (K d  = 50 nM) was efficiently identified by SELEX against a heteroaryl dihydropyrimidine structure,step2c_acs_v1
355,paramylon,protein,,Par-18,,6.406e-08 M,-7.193,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,7.5,"binding buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5)",,DNA,FAM,31809034,10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04588,"The estimated K d values of fi ve selected aptamers, Par-7, Par-15, Par-18, Par-20, and Par-22, are 17.45 ± 2.61, 34.90 ± 5.83, 64.06 ± 6.72, 123.81 ± 13.41, and 249.52 ± 46.39 nM, respectively.",step2c_acs_v1
400,6'-sialyllactose,protein,Q9Y3R4,Apt9-1,,9.175000000000001e-08 M,-7.037,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,298.15,7.4,10 mM PBS (pH 7.4),,DNA,,36700646,10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07784,A 35 nt truncated aptamer Apt9-1 ( K d = 91.75 nM) with higher affinity than Apt9 was finally obtained.,step2c_acs_v1
420,17 β -estradiol,protein,P42167,HEV1,,9.276e-08 M,-7.033,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,MST,,7.6,"20 mM Tris (pH 7.6), 300 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.01% Tween 20",,DNA,,38276613,10.3390/molecules29020535,the dissociation constant (KD value) is 92.76 ± 66.02 nM as calculated by the calculation function that comes with the system.,step2c_acs_v1
324,D-TAR RNA,protein,Q9Y5S9,L-6-4t,,1.0000000000000001e-07 M,-7.0,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,23977945,10.1021/ja406634g,the K d  of the L-aptamer for D-TAR RNA is 100 nM,step2c_acs_v1
436,SIRT2,protein,Q8IXJ6,Apt 45,,1.233e-07 M,-6.909,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,310.15,,,,DNA,FAM,40200675,10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00066,selected Apt 45 ( K d = 123.3 nM) to fabricate the 'turn-on' fluorescent biosensor,step2c_acs_v1
399,6'-sialyllactose,protein,Q9Y3R4,Apt9,,1.5230000000000003e-07 M,-6.817,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,298.15,7.4,10 mM PBS (pH 7.4),,DNA,,36700646,10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07784,The ssDNA aptamer Apt9 ( K d = 152.3 nM) with a length of 79 nucleotides (nt) was demonstrated as the optimal aptamer candidate,step2c_acs_v1
326,D-TAR RNA,protein,Q9Y5S9,L-6-4t,,1.6e-07 M,-6.796,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,23977945,10.1021/ja406634g,The L-6-4t aptamer has somewhat reduced affinity for D-TAR RNA under the low-salt conditions (K d  = 160 nM),step2c_acs_v1
369,Cd2+,protein,P06729,probe,,2.2e-07 M,-6.658,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,,,,,,,,32618180,10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01710,"the disassociation constant ( K D) between Cd 2+ and its aptamer were calculated to be 96 M -1 S -1 , 2.11 × 10 -5 S -1 , and 220 nM, respectively",step2c_acs_v1
467,benzovindiflupyr,protein,,Apt.BZF01,,2.2650000000000002e-07 M,-6.645,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,,,,DNA,,41614999,10.1021/acs.jafc.5c15044,corrected KDs of 226.5 nM (Apt.BZF01),step2c_acs_v1
425,verrucarin A,protein,,14_Ver1,,2.2e-06 M,-5.658,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,7.4,SELEX buffer,,DNA,6-FAM at 5'-end; dabcyl at 3'-end,39404132,10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03307,The binding test demonstrated that the decrease in fluorescence was correlated with increasing verrucarin A concentration with K D = 2.2 μM.,step2c_acs_v1
426,verrucarin A,protein,,Ver1_JYP (C32G mutant),,2.2999999999999996e-06 M,-5.638,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,7.4,SELEX buffer,,DNA,C32G mutation,39404132,10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03307,guanine with both functional groups exhibited partially recovered binding activity ( K D = 2.3 μM).,step2c_acs_v1
462,Patulin,protein,,PTL-1,,1.2499999999999999e-05 M,-4.903,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,ITC,298.15,6.0,"selection buffer (10 mM MES, pH 6.0, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2)",,DNA,,41473783,10.1186/s44280-025-00101-2,The measured K d from ITC value was 12.5 μM,step2c_acs_v1
463,Patulin,protein,,PTL-1,,1.8399999999999997e-05 M,-4.735,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,6.0,"selection buffer (10 mM MES, pH 6.0, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2)",,DNA,,41473783,10.1186/s44280-025-00101-2,yielding an apparent K d of 18.4 μM,step2c_acs_v1
388,patulin,protein,,PAT Rep,,4e-05 M,-4.398,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,SPR,,,PBS,,DNA,5' biotin,35546052,10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01591,PAT Rep showed a K D value of 4.0 × 10 -5 M,step2c_acs_v1
464,Patulin,protein,,PAT-6,,4.8e-05 M,-4.319,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,6.0,"20 mM MES buffer, pH = 6.0, with 150 mM NaCl and 2.0 mM MgCl2",,DNA,,41473783,10.1186/s44280-025-00101-2,"PAT-6 has weaker binding affinities ( Kd = 48 μM by ThT, Fig. 4S)",step2c_acs_v1
470,L-lactate,protein,Q9BYZ2,Lac2059,,0.00011 M,-3.959,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,ITC,298.15,,SELEX buffer,,DNA,,41779931,10.1021/acs.analchem.5c07149,The K d from ITC was determined to be 0.11 mM,step2c_acs_v1
471,L-lactate,protein,Q9BYZ2,Lac201,,0.0009000000000000001 M,-3.046,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,296.15,,SELEX buffer,,DNA,2AP,41779931,10.1021/acs.analchem.5c07149,"the fitted K d was 0.9 mM (Figure 5C, black line)",step2c_acs_v1
457,Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane,protein,,Tris aptamer,,0.0026000000000000003 M,-2.585,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,,,,,DNA,,40905906,10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03351,ThT yielded K d values changed modestly from 1.6 to 2.6 mM,step2c_acs_v1
473,L-lactate,protein,Q9BYZ2,Lac2059,,0.0033 M,-2.481,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,296.15,,SELEX buffer,,DNA,2AP,41779931,10.1021/acs.analchem.5c07149,The fitted K d was 3.3 mM for this 2AP-labeled aptamer,step2c_acs_v1
472,L-lactate,protein,Q9BYZ2,Lac201,,0.0043 M,-2.367,intrinsic,Kd,Gold,v4,multi_agent_verified,pending_manual_supp,,,fluorescence,296.15,,SELEX buffer,,DNA,2AP,41779931,10.1021/acs.analchem.5c07149,although the obtained K d (4.3 mM) was about 5-fold higher than that obtained using Mg 2+ .,step2c_acs_v1