Binding affinities (Kd) — source-verified (view)

742 distinct verbatim-verified aptamer–target Kd measurements (canonical Gold v1; 555 intrinsic-equilibrium; 300 unique targets; 287 publications; 435 carry a verbatim-verified sequence). ★HOW TO READ: 'kd_reported' is the value EXACTLY as written in the paper (units are MIXED — pM/nM/M — so it is NOT directly comparable). To compare, sort, or train an ML model, use ONLY 'kd_log10_molar' (lower = tighter) and filter measurement_class=intrinsic + target_type=protein. The same target appears in several rows because of different aptamers, assays, conditions (temperature/buffer) or papers — see those columns. For a clean ready-to-use subset use the 'kd_ready_to_use' query. Source: corpus literature-extraction pipeline (E. Dohi).

Data license: CC BY 4.0 · Data source: apt-scout automated curation pipeline (E. Dohi, NCNP) — values harvested from public databases; raw source stored per target

target_name_canonical
Target as named in the source paper.
target_type
protein / cell-line+EV / glycan-conjugate. Filter to 'protein' for molecular targets.
target_uniprot
UniProt accession when a human protein (sparse for now; links to apt-scout target).
aptamer_name
Aptamer identifier as reported.
kd_reported
Kd value AS REPORTED in the paper (value + unit). Units are MIXED — do NOT compare this column directly.
kd_log10_molar
log10(Kd in molar). THE column to sort / compare / learn on (lower = tighter).
measurement_class
intrinsic = equilibrium vs purified target; non_intrinsic = apparent/cellular or avidity (NOT comparable to intrinsic).
binding_constant_type
Kd / apparent-Kd etc. as reported.
assay_method
SPR / filter binding / flow cytometry / ITC / BLI …
assay_temperature_k
Assay temperature (K) — a reason the same pair can have several rows.
source_pmid
PubMed ID of the source paper (links out).
verbatim_quote
The exact sentence the value was taken from.
verification_level
QC status (honest, growing): human_verified / human_corrected = a logged human verdict from the stratified-random sample; multi_agent_verified = passed independent multi-agent (L2) check; extraction_verified = extraction-pipeline verified; automated. Human verification is in progress: as of this release 0 records carry a logged human verdict — the published set is multi-agent-/extraction-verified, and human spot-checking is being added post-publication (version-tracked). No record is labelled human_verified without a logged human review.
sequence_status
Aptamer-sequence provenance: verified_in_text_or_SI = sequence verbatim-verified against the source text/SI (shown); pending_manual_supp / pending_supp_oa / pending_manual_figure = sequence reported only in a (often paywalled) SI or a figure, being curated post-submission; no_single_sequence_pool = a pool/library/primer, no single sequence exists.
pi_provenance_flag
PI manual-review flag: KEEP_seq_in_figure = valid record, sequence is in a 3D-structure figure; FLAG_cited_data = Kd may be a value cited from elsewhere, re-verify. (EXCLUDE rows are hidden from this view.)
seq_source
original (already in source DB) / backfill_text_verified (recovered from paper or SI text).

102 rows where assay_method = "flow_cytometry" and binding_constant_type = "Kd" sorted by kd_log10_molar

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Suggested facets: target_name_canonical, target_uniprot, seq_source, assay_temperature_k, assay_ph, assay_buffer, assay_cations, aptamer_chemistry, aptamer_modifications, source_pmid, doi, source_db

verification_level 2

target_type 2

tier 1

binding_constant_type 1

  • Kd · 102 ✖

assay_method 1

  • flow_cytometry · 102 ✖
id target_name_canonical target_type target_uniprot aptamer_name aptamer_seq kd_reported kd_log10_molar ▼ measurement_class binding_constant_type tier source_origin verification_level sequence_status seq_source pi_provenance_flag assay_method assay_temperature_k assay_ph assay_buffer assay_cations aptamer_chemistry aptamer_modifications source_pmid doi verbatim_quote source_db
245 MPO protein P05164 MPO-16 GTCTGGAAACGACGAGGGCCACTGATTAACGTAGTTAATTGGTCTTGTCG 166.0 pM -9.78 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO16 revealed the highest binding affinity ( K d = 166 pM) step2c_literal_v3
234 MPO protein P05164 MPO-02 TATGCGATTTCAAAAATGTTACGATGGATATTGACATTTAAATATGTCGG 227.0 pM -9.644 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-02 ... 227 step2c_literal_v3
307 P-selectin protein Q14242 PF377sl   250.0 pM -9.602 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_manual_figure     flow_cytometry 296.15 7.4 SHMCK buffer 1.0 2'F-RNA   9743465 10.1089/oli.1.1998.8.265 PF377sl | 250 step2c_literal_v3
241 MPO protein P05164 MPO-14 ATATAGTACAGTGAGTAGTTGTACCACATTGTAGGTACTTAGTTGGAATG 897.0 pM -9.047 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-14 ... K d : 897 pM step2c_literal_v3
235 MPO protein P05164 MPO-03 TTCTTTGTACTACGTATGTGTTACACATCTTAAGTCCGTTTTGATGCAGC 912.0 pM -9.04 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-03 ... 912 step2c_literal_v3
233 MPO protein P05164 MPO-01 CACTCGTGAAGATCTTTAATAGATAGAATAATCGAGGTTGATTCGATGTA 1148.0 pM -8.94 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-01 ... 1,148 step2c_literal_v3
202 CD8a protein P01732 A3   1.9 nM -8.721 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers have apparent K D values of 18.3 ± 4.6, 1.9 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.9 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
215 CD8 protein P01732 CD8 aptamer   1.9 nM -8.721 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_manual_figure     flow_cytometry         DNA 3'-toehold extension 32786336 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00335 The aptamer with the highest apparent affinity (1.9 nM) and association rate, measured by flow cytometry and biolayer interferometry, respectively, was chosen for further use in cell isolation. step2c_literal_v3
203 CD8a protein P01732 A8   2.4 nM -8.62 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers have apparent K D values of 18.3 ± 4.6, 1.9 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.9 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
237 MPO protein P05164 MPO-05 GCATATCAAGCAGAATGTTTTGTCTCTATTTTCTCATATGTTTATGCGTA 2584.0 pM -8.588 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-05 ... 2,584 step2c_literal_v3
367 SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein   CoV2-RBD-1 CAGCACCGACCTTGTGCTTTGGGAGTGCTGGTCCAAGGGCGTTAATGGACA 3.1000000000000005e-09 M -8.509 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     PBS with 0.55 mM MgCl2   DNA   32551560 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01394 the dissociation constant values ( K d) of the CoV2-RBD-1 aptamer ... were 3.1 nM step2c_acs_v1
242 MPO protein P05164 MPO-18 TAAGTAATGTGACTGTGTAATTTTTGCTGTCTATAATGCGGATACTGGGT 3192.0 pM -8.496 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-18 ... K d : 3,192 pM step2c_literal_v3
226 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 JBA8.26   3.3 nM -8.481 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 JBA8.26 bound TfR1 hi H9 T-lymphoma cells with an apparent K D of 3.3 ± 0.6 nM step2c_literal_v3
288 CD19 protein P15391 WB15/15.CD19.1_3S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 4.3 nM -8.367 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB15/15.CD19.1_3S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 3.96 | N.P. | 4.3 ± 2.4 step2c_literal_v3
236 MPO protein P05164 MPO-04 GTGTTAGTCAACGTATGATAAAGACGGGCTGGTATCACCCATTTAGCGAT 4376.0 pM -8.359 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-04 ... 4,376 step2c_literal_v3
465 SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein   Aptx2-L   4.900000000000001e-09 M -8.31 avidity_multivalent Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified pending_manual_supp     flow_cytometry 298.15 7.4 PBS, pH 7.4, 0.55 mM MgCl2   DNA   41498844 10.1021/acsami.5c16490 The Aptx2-L variant showed superior affinity with a dissociation constant ( K d) of 4.9 nM step2c_acs_v1
224 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 JBA8.1   5.5 nM -8.26 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA fluorescein-labeled 35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 JBA8.1 has an apparent binding affinity (K D ) of 5.5 ± 1.2 nM step2c_literal_v3
306 CD64 protein P12314 lw-27 ATACCAGCTTATTCAATTCGCGGTGCACCGGGAACAATCCGGTCGATGACTTCTACTAACCGGGTCGGATGTGCGCGTAGATAGTAAGTGCAATCT 6.676 nM -8.175 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   cells binding buffer (4.5 g glucose, 5 ml 1 mol/L MgCl2, 100 mg yeast tRNA and 1 g BSA into 1L Dulbecco's Phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)) 1000.0 DNA TAMRA 42152987 10.1007/s12088-025-01475-y Kd values of aptamers lw-1, lw-9, lw-27 are 12.76 nM, 14.03 nM, and 6.676 nM respectively step2c_literal_v3
243 MPO protein P05164 MPO-25 GATCGCAGCATCAAATAAGAACATTGTGAATTATGTAATCTGGCTATGTG 8778.0 pM -8.057 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-25 ... K d : 8,778 pM step2c_literal_v3
309 Streptococcus pyogenes M-type mixture protein   20A24P AAGCAGCACAGAGGTCAGATGGGGGGAAGACACAGAGAAAGGCCGGGGTGAAGTGTAGAGGCCTATGCGTGCTACCGTGAA 9.000000000000001e-09 M -8.046 apparent_cellular Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry   7.4 binding buffer (1-BB; 50 mM Tris-HCl(pH7.4), 5 mM KCl, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2)   DNA 5'-FAM 21504182 10.1021/ac200575e Two aptamers, 20A24P and 15A3P (with estimated binding dissociation constants of 9 and 10 nM, respectively) step2c_acs_v1
287 CD19 protein P15391 WB15/15.CD19.1_2S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 9.5 nM -8.022 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB15/15.CD19.1_2S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 2.64 | 356 ± 534 | 9.5 ± 5.0 step2c_literal_v3
310 Streptococcus pyogenes M-type mixture protein   15A3P ATTCACGGTAGCACGCATAGGGACAGCAAGCCCAAGCTGGGTGTGCAAGGTGAGGAGTGGG 1e-08 M -8.0 apparent_cellular Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry   7.4 binding buffer (1-BB; 50 mM Tris-HCl(pH7.4), 5 mM KCl, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2)   DNA 5'-FAM 21504182 10.1021/ac200575e Two aptamers, 20A24P and 15A3P (with estimated binding dissociation constants of 9 and 10 nM, respectively) step2c_acs_v1
240 MPO protein P05164 MPO-08 ATAACTGTACATTATGATGTATGGTCGTATTAGGCTCGCAATTTGGTTTG 10050.0 pM -7.998 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-08 ... 10,050 step2c_literal_v3
166 CD8 protein P01732 CD8AP17 ACGCTCGGATGCCACTACAGCTTGCTATGCTCCCCTTGGGGTACGTAACGATGTCGACGACTCATGGACGTGCTGGTGAC 10.59 nM -7.975 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15 7.5 SELEX buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, 1 mmol/L CaCl2, and 40 mmol/L HEPES [pH 7.5]) containing 5% FBS 1.0 DNA   23791505 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.036 Kd=10.59 nM step2c_literal_v3
225 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 tJBA8.1   10.9 nM -7.963 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 versus that of 10.9 ± 2.4 nM for tJBA8.1 step2c_literal_v3
285 CD19 protein P15391 WB15/15.CD19.1_1S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 11.0 nM -7.959 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB15/15.CD19.1_1S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 1.32 | 125 ± 68 | 11 ± 6.1 step2c_literal_v3
167 CD8 protein P01732 CD8AP17 ACGCTCGGATGCCACTACAGCTTGCTATGCTCCCCTTGGGGTACGTAACGATGTCGACGACTCATGGACGTGCTGGTGAC 11.23 nM -7.95 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15 7.5 SELEX buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, 1 mmol/L CaCl2, and 40 mmol/L HEPES [pH 7.5]) containing 5% FBS 1.0 DNA   23791505 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.036 The binding affinity of CD8AP17 to Sup-T1 cells ( K d 5 11.23 nM) step2c_literal_v3
238 MPO protein P05164 MPO-06 GGTATAAAGGATTGTCTCTAGAGAAAAGTCGTCTGCTTAGGTCTTGCAGC 11223.0 pM -7.95 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-06 ... 11,223 step2c_literal_v3
267 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSHR) 6X His tag protein   ZMXLY-2a   11.5 nM -7.939 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_manual_supp     flow_cytometry     phosphate-buffered saline   DNA FITC-labeled 5' primer used for synthesis 40588369 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c02024 As determined by flow cytometry, the K d of ZMXLY-2a was 11.5 ± 9.3 nM (Figure 2G) step2c_literal_v3
427 U87MG GBM with IDH1 htz mutation protein   Gli-55 GTCCGGTTCAACCTCTAGCATTCCTGGCGTTATTAACGGAGCAGTCCTGTGGAGTGGGTGA 1.22e-08 M -7.914 apparent_cellular Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 298.15   DPBS   DNA Cy5 39682297 10.3390/cancers16234111 The apparent dissociation constant measured for U87MG GBM with the IDH1 htz mutation ( Kd ) of Gli-55 is 12.2 nM step2c_acs_v1
304 CD64 protein P12314 lw-1 ATACCAGCTTATTCAATTCCCATCCGGTCTTGGTCTTTGGAAACCCTTGACGGGACGCCAACAGTGTAGATCTTAGCTAGATAGTAAGTGCAATCT 12.76 nM -7.894 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   cells binding buffer (4.5 g glucose, 5 ml 1 mol/L MgCl2, 100 mg yeast tRNA and 1 g BSA into 1L Dulbecco's Phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)) 1000.0 DNA TAMRA 42152987 10.1007/s12088-025-01475-y Kd values of aptamers lw-1, lw-9, lw-27 are 12.76 nM, 14.03 nM, and 6.676 nM respectively step2c_literal_v3
168 CD8 protein P01732 CD8AP17s CTACAGCTTGCTATGCTCCCCTTGGGGTA 12.86 nM -7.891 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15 7.5 SELEX buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, 1 mmol/L CaCl2, and 40 mmol/L HEPES [pH 7.5]) containing 5% FBS 1.0 DNA   23791505 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.036 Kd=12.86 nM step2c_literal_v3
368 SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein   CoV2-RBD-4 ATCCAGAGTGACGCAGCATTTCATCGGGTCCAAAAGGGGCTGCTCGGGATTGCGGATATGGACACGT 1.3600000000000001e-08 M -7.866 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     PBS with 0.55 mM MgCl2   DNA   32551560 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01394 the dissociation constant values ( K d) of the ... CoV2-RBD-4 aptamer ... were ... 13.6 nM step2c_acs_v1
428 U87MG GBM with IDH1 htz mutation protein   Gli-35 GCGTTATTAACGGAGCAGTCCTGTGGAGTGGGTGA 1.3600000000000001e-08 M -7.866 apparent_cellular Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 298.15   DPBS   DNA Cy5 39682297 10.3390/cancers16234111 while for Gli-35, it is 13.6 nM. step2c_acs_v1
279 CD20 protein P11836 WB1/1.CD20.1_3S TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGCTGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC 14.0 nM -7.854 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB1/1.CD20.1_3S | 5'-TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC-3' | 3.96 | 15 ± 7.4 | 14 ± 8.3 step2c_literal_v3
305 CD64 protein P12314 lw-9 ATACCAGCTTATTCAATTGGGCCGAGAGCAGGGGACTAGGCTCACGTTTGTGTAACTCCGATCCGCGTATTGATCAGGAGATAGTAAGTGCAATCT 14.03 nM -7.853 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   cells binding buffer (4.5 g glucose, 5 ml 1 mol/L MgCl2, 100 mg yeast tRNA and 1 g BSA into 1L Dulbecco's Phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)) 1000.0 DNA TAMRA 42152987 10.1007/s12088-025-01475-y Kd values of aptamers lw-1, lw-9, lw-27 are 12.76 nM, 14.03 nM, and 6.676 nM respectively step2c_literal_v3
278 CD20 protein P11836 WB1/1.CD20.1_3S TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGCTGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC 15.0 nM -7.824 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB1/1.CD20.1_3S | 5'-TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC-3' | 3.96 | 15 ± 7.4 | 14 ± 8.3 step2c_literal_v3
294 CD19 protein P15391 WB17/17.CD19.1_3S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 17.0 nM -7.77 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17/17.CD19.1_3S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 3.96 | 18 ± 6.4 | 17 ± 5.5 step2c_literal_v3
293 CD19 protein P15391 WB17/17.CD19.1_3S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 18.0 nM -7.745 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17/17.CD19.1_3S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 3.96 | 18 ± 6.4 | 17 ± 5.5 step2c_literal_v3
201 CD8a protein P01732 A1   18.3 nM -7.738 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers have apparent K D values of 18.3 ± 4.6, 1.9 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.9 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
296 CD19 protein P15391 WB17/17.CD19.1_4S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 20.0 nM -7.699 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17/17.CD19.1_4S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 5.28 | 21 ± 13 | 20 ± 12 step2c_literal_v3
295 CD19 protein P15391 WB17/17.CD19.1_4S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 21.0 nM -7.678 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17/17.CD19.1_4S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 5.28 | 21 ± 13 | 20 ± 12 step2c_literal_v3
466 SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein   Aptx2-S   2.17e-08 M -7.664 avidity_multivalent Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified pending_manual_supp     flow_cytometry 298.15 7.4 PBS, pH 7.4, 0.55 mM MgCl2   DNA   41498844 10.1021/acsami.5c16490 compared to 21.7 nM for Aptx2-S step2c_acs_v1
212 M2-like macrophage protein Q8IYS5 A2   22.81 nM -7.642 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_manual_supp     flow_cytometry 277.15   Wash Buffer (WB) supplemented with 10% FBS and 100 μg/mL tRNA   DNA Cy5-label 32589412 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00247 apparent dissociation constants ( K d ) of 44.12 ± 8.0 and 22.81 ± 5.6 nM to M0- and M2-like macrophages, respectively step2c_literal_v3
289 CD19 protein P15391 WB17.CD19 AGAGACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTGGCTTCTT 24.0 nM -7.62 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA   41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17.CD19 | 5'-AGAGACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTGGCTTCTT-3' | - | N.P. | 24 ± 4.1 step2c_literal_v3
244 MPO protein P05164 MPO-34 AGTCTATAATTGCGATCCACACGTTCAATAACGTGGAAAAGACTGGTGG 24910.0 pM -7.604 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-34 ... K d : 24,910 pM step2c_literal_v3
280 CD20 protein P11836 WB1/1.CD20.1_4S TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGCTGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC 25.0 nM -7.602 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB1/1.CD20.1_4S | 5'-TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC-3' | 5.28 | 25 ± 12 | 65 ± 38 step2c_literal_v3
299 CD19 protein P15391 WB15/17.CD19.1_3S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 25.0 nM -7.602 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB15/17.CD19.1_3S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 3.96 | N.P. | 25 ± 7.1 step2c_literal_v3
227 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 tJBA8.1   25.6 nM -7.592 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 compared to tJBA8.1's apparent K D of 25.6 ± 13.0 nM for these cells step2c_literal_v3
239 MPO protein P05164 MPO-07 ATGATTATATTAGAGAGTTCTTTGGACGATTGCCCTGACTTATGACCGTC 27751.0 pM -7.557 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-07 ... 27,751 step2c_literal_v3

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CREATE VIEW v_kd AS
SELECT k.id,
 target_name_canonical,
 CASE
   WHEN target_name_canonical LIKE '%cell%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%vesicle%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%exosome%' THEN 'cell/EV'
   WHEN target_name_canonical LIKE '%BSA%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%sLe%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%glycan%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '% Le %' THEN 'glycan/conjugate'
   ELSE 'protein'
 END AS target_type,
 target_uniprot, aptamer_name, aptamer_seq,
 (COALESCE(kd_value,'') || CASE WHEN COALESCE(kd_unit,'')!='' THEN ' '||kd_unit ELSE '' END) AS kd_reported,
 CAST(NULLIF(kd_log10_molar,'') AS REAL) AS kd_log10_molar,
 measurement_class, binding_constant_type, 'Gold' AS tier, k.tier AS source_origin,
 CASE
   WHEN vh.verdict='confirmed' THEN 'human_verified'
   WHEN vh.verdict='corrected' THEN 'human_corrected'
   WHEN vh.verdict='rejected'  THEN 'human_rejected'
   WHEN k.verification_status='agent_verified_L2' THEN 'multi_agent_verified'
   WHEN k.verification_status IN ('verified','CONFIRM') THEN 'extraction_verified'
   ELSE 'automated'
 END AS verification_level,
 sequence_status, seq_source, pi_provenance_flag,
 assay_method,
 CAST(NULLIF(assay_temperature_k,'') AS REAL) AS assay_temperature_k,
 CAST(NULLIF(assay_ph,'') AS REAL) AS assay_ph,
 assay_buffer, assay_cations, aptamer_chemistry, aptamer_modifications,
 source_pmid, doi, verbatim_quote, source_db
FROM kd_measurements k LEFT JOIN verification_human vh ON vh.row_id=k.source_record_id
WHERE LOWER(COALESCE(k.include_in_gold,''))='true';