Binding affinities (Kd) — source-verified (view)

742 distinct verbatim-verified aptamer–target Kd measurements (canonical Gold v1; 555 intrinsic-equilibrium; 300 unique targets; 287 publications; 435 carry a verbatim-verified sequence). ★HOW TO READ: 'kd_reported' is the value EXACTLY as written in the paper (units are MIXED — pM/nM/M — so it is NOT directly comparable). To compare, sort, or train an ML model, use ONLY 'kd_log10_molar' (lower = tighter) and filter measurement_class=intrinsic + target_type=protein. The same target appears in several rows because of different aptamers, assays, conditions (temperature/buffer) or papers — see those columns. For a clean ready-to-use subset use the 'kd_ready_to_use' query. Source: corpus literature-extraction pipeline (E. Dohi).

Data license: CC BY 4.0 · Data source: apt-scout automated curation pipeline (E. Dohi, NCNP) — values harvested from public databases; raw source stored per target

target_name_canonical
Target as named in the source paper.
target_type
protein / cell-line+EV / glycan-conjugate. Filter to 'protein' for molecular targets.
target_uniprot
UniProt accession when a human protein (sparse for now; links to apt-scout target).
aptamer_name
Aptamer identifier as reported.
kd_reported
Kd value AS REPORTED in the paper (value + unit). Units are MIXED — do NOT compare this column directly.
kd_log10_molar
log10(Kd in molar). THE column to sort / compare / learn on (lower = tighter).
measurement_class
intrinsic = equilibrium vs purified target; non_intrinsic = apparent/cellular or avidity (NOT comparable to intrinsic).
binding_constant_type
Kd / apparent-Kd etc. as reported.
assay_method
SPR / filter binding / flow cytometry / ITC / BLI …
assay_temperature_k
Assay temperature (K) — a reason the same pair can have several rows.
source_pmid
PubMed ID of the source paper (links out).
verbatim_quote
The exact sentence the value was taken from.
verification_level
QC status (honest, growing): human_verified / human_corrected = a logged human verdict from the stratified-random sample; multi_agent_verified = passed independent multi-agent (L2) check; extraction_verified = extraction-pipeline verified; automated. Human verification is in progress: as of this release 0 records carry a logged human verdict — the published set is multi-agent-/extraction-verified, and human spot-checking is being added post-publication (version-tracked). No record is labelled human_verified without a logged human review.
sequence_status
Aptamer-sequence provenance: verified_in_text_or_SI = sequence verbatim-verified against the source text/SI (shown); pending_manual_supp / pending_supp_oa / pending_manual_figure = sequence reported only in a (often paywalled) SI or a figure, being curated post-submission; no_single_sequence_pool = a pool/library/primer, no single sequence exists.
pi_provenance_flag
PI manual-review flag: KEEP_seq_in_figure = valid record, sequence is in a 3D-structure figure; FLAG_cited_data = Kd may be a value cited from elsewhere, re-verify. (EXCLUDE rows are hidden from this view.)
seq_source
original (already in source DB) / backfill_text_verified (recovered from paper or SI text).

90 rows where measurement_class = "non_intrinsic" and sequence_status = "verified_in_text_or_SI" sorted by kd_log10_molar

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Suggested facets: target_name_canonical, target_uniprot, seq_source, assay_temperature_k, assay_ph, assay_buffer, assay_cations, aptamer_chemistry, aptamer_modifications, source_pmid, doi, source_db

verification_level 2

tier 1

target_type 1

sequence_status 1

  • verified_in_text_or_SI · 90 ✖

measurement_class 1

  • non_intrinsic · 90 ✖

binding_constant_type 1

id target_name_canonical target_type target_uniprot aptamer_name aptamer_seq kd_reported kd_log10_molar ▼ measurement_class binding_constant_type tier source_origin verification_level sequence_status seq_source pi_provenance_flag assay_method assay_temperature_k assay_ph assay_buffer assay_cations aptamer_chemistry aptamer_modifications source_pmid doi verbatim_quote source_db
245 MPO protein P05164 MPO-16 GTCTGGAAACGACGAGGGCCACTGATTAACGTAGTTAATTGGTCTTGTCG 166.0 pM -9.78 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO16 revealed the highest binding affinity ( K d = 166 pM) step2c_literal_v3
234 MPO protein P05164 MPO-02 TATGCGATTTCAAAAATGTTACGATGGATATTGACATTTAAATATGTCGG 227.0 pM -9.644 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-02 ... 227 step2c_literal_v3
173 human α-thrombin protein P00734 Apt29 AGTCCGTGGTAGGGCAGGTTGGGGTGACT 0.5 nM -9.301 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original             DNA   28763192 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02313 a 29nucleotide aptamer (5 ′ -AGT CCG TGG TAG GGC AGG TTG GGG TGA CT-3 ′ , denoted as Apt29 here) binds to the heparin-binding site of human α -thrombin with a dissociation constant ( K d) around 0.5 nM. step2c_literal_v3
175 human α-thrombin protein P00734 5'-TMR-Apt15-T24 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 0.6 nM -9.222 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   CE-LIF 298.15 7.5 sample bu ff er containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 5 mM KCl   DNA TMR label at 5'-end; polyT tail (24 T) at 3'-end 28763192 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02313 0.6 nM for 5 ′ -TMR-Apt15-T24 step2c_literal_v3
176 human α-thrombin protein P00734 5'-TMR-Apt15-T25 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 0.6 nM -9.222 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   CE-LIF 298.15 7.5 sample bu ff er containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 5 mM KCl   DNA TMR label at 5'-end; polyT tail (25 T) at 3'-end 28763192 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02313 0.6 nM for 5 ′ -TMR-Apt15-T25 step2c_literal_v3
154 thrombin protein P00734 HD1-22 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGGAAAAAAAAAAAAGTCCGTGGTAGGGCAGGTTGGGGTGACT 6.5e-10 M -9.187 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   SPR         DNA bivalent fusion; poly-dA linker 18826387 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03162.x HD1-22 | Thrombin | K D ( M) | 6.5 · 10 ) 10 step2c_literal_v3
177 human α-thrombin protein P00734 5'-TMR-Apt15-T30 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 0.7 nM -9.155 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   CE-LIF 298.15 7.5 sample bu ff er containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 5 mM KCl   DNA TMR label at 5'-end; polyT tail (30 T) at 3'-end 28763192 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02313 0.7 nM for 5 ′ -TMR-Apt15-T30 step2c_literal_v3
178 human α-thrombin protein P00734 5'-TMR-Apt15-T35 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 0.7 nM -9.155 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   CE-LIF 298.15 7.5 sample bu ff er containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 5 mM KCl   DNA TMR label at 5'-end; polyT tail (35 T) at 3'-end 28763192 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02313 0.7 nM for 5 ′ -TMR-Apt15-T35 step2c_literal_v3
241 MPO protein P05164 MPO-14 ATATAGTACAGTGAGTAGTTGTACCACATTGTAGGTACTTAGTTGGAATG 897.0 pM -9.047 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-14 ... K d : 897 pM step2c_literal_v3
235 MPO protein P05164 MPO-03 TTCTTTGTACTACGTATGTGTTACACATCTTAAGTCCGTTTTGATGCAGC 912.0 pM -9.04 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-03 ... 912 step2c_literal_v3
233 MPO protein P05164 MPO-01 CACTCGTGAAGATCTTTAATAGATAGAATAATCGAGGTTGATTCGATGTA 1148.0 pM -8.94 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-01 ... 1,148 step2c_literal_v3
204 VWF A1 domain protein P04275 ARC1779 GGCGUGCAGUGCCUUCGGCCGTGCGGTGCCUCCGUCACGCT 2.0 nM -8.699 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original             DNA PEG20K; 2'-O-methyl-substituted nucleotides; inverted deoxythymidine cap 31315441 10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312439 ARC1779 has a high binding affinity to VWF A1 domain (K D ≈ 2 nM) step2c_literal_v3
237 MPO protein P05164 MPO-05 GCATATCAAGCAGAATGTTTTGTCTCTATTTTCTCATATGTTTATGCGTA 2584.0 pM -8.588 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-05 ... 2,584 step2c_literal_v3
251 Human thrombin protein P00734 Pse08-29 TGACCTCTAGTGACTGATTTACGAGTC 2.6 nM -8.585 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified KEEP_seq_in_figure SPR   7.4 PBS [pH 7.4], 0.05 [v/v%] surfactant Tween 20   DNA   37621412 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.038 Pse(08 - 29) | 1.33 10^6 | 3.47 10^-3 | 2.6 step2c_literal_v3
242 MPO protein P05164 MPO-18 TAAGTAATGTGACTGTGTAATTTTTGCTGTCTATAATGCGGATACTGGGT 3192.0 pM -8.496 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-18 ... K d : 3,192 pM step2c_literal_v3
181 human α-thrombin protein P00734 Apt15-T25-3'-TMR GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 3.2 nM -8.495 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   CE-LIF 298.15 7.5 sample bu ff er containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 5 mM KCl   DNA TMR label at 3'-end; polyT tail (25 T) at 3'-end 28763192 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02313 The apparent K d of Apt15-T25 -3 ′ -TMR was estimated to be about 3.2 nM. step2c_literal_v3
156 prothrombin protein P00734 HD1 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 3.5e-09 M -8.456 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   SPR         DNA   18826387 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03162.x HD1 | Prothrombin+ phospholipids | K D ( M) | 3.5 · 10 ) 9 step2c_literal_v3
288 CD19 protein P15391 WB15/15.CD19.1_3S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 4.3 nM -8.367 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB15/15.CD19.1_3S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 3.96 | N.P. | 4.3 ± 2.4 step2c_literal_v3
236 MPO protein P05164 MPO-04 GTGTTAGTCAACGTATGATAAAGACGGGCTGGTATCACCCATTTAGCGAT 4376.0 pM -8.359 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-04 ... 4,376 step2c_literal_v3
165 porcine thrombin protein   RNAR9D-14T GGCGGUCGAUCACACAGUUCAAACGUAAUAAGCCAAUGUACGAGGCAGACGACUCGCC 5.0 nM -8.301 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   filter_binding         2'F-RNA 2' Fluorocytosine; 2' Fluorouracil 22385910 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04679.x RNAR9D-14T binds to porcine thrombin (apparent K d=5 nM) step2c_literal_v3
252 Mouse thrombin protein   Pse08-29 TGACCTCTAGTGACTGATTTACGAGTC 6.3 nM -8.201 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified KEEP_seq_in_figure SPR   7.4 PBS [pH 7.4], 0.05 [v/v%] surfactant Tween 20   DNA   37621412 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.038 Pse(08 - 29) | 6.72 10^5 | 4.26 10^-3 | 6.3 step2c_literal_v3
306 CD64 protein P12314 lw-27 ATACCAGCTTATTCAATTCGCGGTGCACCGGGAACAATCCGGTCGATGACTTCTACTAACCGGGTCGGATGTGCGCGTAGATAGTAAGTGCAATCT 6.676 nM -8.175 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   cells binding buffer (4.5 g glucose, 5 ml 1 mol/L MgCl2, 100 mg yeast tRNA and 1 g BSA into 1L Dulbecco's Phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)) 1000.0 DNA TAMRA 42152987 10.1007/s12088-025-01475-y Kd values of aptamers lw-1, lw-9, lw-27 are 12.76 nM, 14.03 nM, and 6.676 nM respectively step2c_literal_v3
243 MPO protein P05164 MPO-25 GATCGCAGCATCAAATAAGAACATTGTGAATTATGTAATCTGGCTATGTG 8778.0 pM -8.057 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-25 ... K d : 8,778 pM step2c_literal_v3
180 human α-thrombin protein P00734 5'-TMR-T25-Apt15 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 8.8 nM -8.056 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   CE-LIF 298.15 7.5 sample bu ff er containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 5 mM KCl   DNA TMR label at 5'-end; polyT tail (25 T) at 5'-end 28763192 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02313 The apparent K d values of T25-Apt15-3 ′ -TMR and 5 ′ -TMR-T25-Apt15 were estimated as 228 nM and 8.8 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
287 CD19 protein P15391 WB15/15.CD19.1_2S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 9.5 nM -8.022 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB15/15.CD19.1_2S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 2.64 | 356 ± 534 | 9.5 ± 5.0 step2c_literal_v3
194 α-thrombin protein P00734 TBA-iT7 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 9.9 nM -8.004 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   SPR 298.15   100 mM KCl   DNA 3'-inverted thymidine at position 7 30735210 10.1039/c9ob00053d TBA-iT7 | 9.9 step2c_literal_v3
240 MPO protein P05164 MPO-08 ATAACTGTACATTATGATGTATGGTCGTATTAGGCTCGCAATTTGGTTTG 10050.0 pM -7.998 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-08 ... 10,050 step2c_literal_v3
166 CD8 protein P01732 CD8AP17 ACGCTCGGATGCCACTACAGCTTGCTATGCTCCCCTTGGGGTACGTAACGATGTCGACGACTCATGGACGTGCTGGTGAC 10.59 nM -7.975 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15 7.5 SELEX buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, 1 mmol/L CaCl2, and 40 mmol/L HEPES [pH 7.5]) containing 5% FBS 1.0 DNA   23791505 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.036 Kd=10.59 nM step2c_literal_v3
285 CD19 protein P15391 WB15/15.CD19.1_1S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 11.0 nM -7.959 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB15/15.CD19.1_1S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 1.32 | 125 ± 68 | 11 ± 6.1 step2c_literal_v3
167 CD8 protein P01732 CD8AP17 ACGCTCGGATGCCACTACAGCTTGCTATGCTCCCCTTGGGGTACGTAACGATGTCGACGACTCATGGACGTGCTGGTGAC 11.23 nM -7.95 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15 7.5 SELEX buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, 1 mmol/L CaCl2, and 40 mmol/L HEPES [pH 7.5]) containing 5% FBS 1.0 DNA   23791505 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.036 The binding affinity of CD8AP17 to Sup-T1 cells ( K d 5 11.23 nM) step2c_literal_v3
238 MPO protein P05164 MPO-06 GGTATAAAGGATTGTCTCTAGAGAAAAGTCGTCTGCTTAGGTCTTGCAGC 11223.0 pM -7.95 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-06 ... 11,223 step2c_literal_v3
198 α-thrombin protein P00734 TBA-iT9 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 11.5 nM -7.939 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   SPR 298.15   100 mM KCl   DNA 3'-inverted thymidine at position 9 30735210 10.1039/c9ob00053d TBA-iT9 | 11.5 step2c_literal_v3
196 α-thrombin protein P00734 TBA-G8-iT8 GGTTGGTTTGGTTGG 12.4 nM -7.907 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   SPR 298.15   100 mM KCl   DNA 3'-inverted thymidine at position 8 30735210 10.1039/c9ob00053d TBA-G8-iT8 | 12.4 step2c_literal_v3
304 CD64 protein P12314 lw-1 ATACCAGCTTATTCAATTCCCATCCGGTCTTGGTCTTTGGAAACCCTTGACGGGACGCCAACAGTGTAGATCTTAGCTAGATAGTAAGTGCAATCT 12.76 nM -7.894 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   cells binding buffer (4.5 g glucose, 5 ml 1 mol/L MgCl2, 100 mg yeast tRNA and 1 g BSA into 1L Dulbecco's Phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)) 1000.0 DNA TAMRA 42152987 10.1007/s12088-025-01475-y Kd values of aptamers lw-1, lw-9, lw-27 are 12.76 nM, 14.03 nM, and 6.676 nM respectively step2c_literal_v3
168 CD8 protein P01732 CD8AP17s CTACAGCTTGCTATGCTCCCCTTGGGGTA 12.86 nM -7.891 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15 7.5 SELEX buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, 1 mmol/L CaCl2, and 40 mmol/L HEPES [pH 7.5]) containing 5% FBS 1.0 DNA   23791505 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.036 Kd=12.86 nM step2c_literal_v3
174 human α-thrombin protein P00734 5'-TMR-Apt15-T18 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 13.0 nM -7.886 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   CE-LIF 298.15 7.5 sample bu ff er containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 5 mM KCl   DNA TMR label at 5'-end; polyT tail (18 T) at 3'-end 28763192 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02313 the apparent dissociation constants ( K d) of TMR-labeled Apt15 having polyT tail with length ranging from 18 to 35 T were estimated and are summarized in Figure 1C: 13 nM for 5 ′ -TMR-Apt15-T18 step2c_literal_v3
279 CD20 protein P11836 WB1/1.CD20.1_3S TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGCTGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC 14.0 nM -7.854 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB1/1.CD20.1_3S | 5'-TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC-3' | 3.96 | 15 ± 7.4 | 14 ± 8.3 step2c_literal_v3
305 CD64 protein P12314 lw-9 ATACCAGCTTATTCAATTGGGCCGAGAGCAGGGGACTAGGCTCACGTTTGTGTAACTCCGATCCGCGTATTGATCAGGAGATAGTAAGTGCAATCT 14.03 nM -7.853 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   cells binding buffer (4.5 g glucose, 5 ml 1 mol/L MgCl2, 100 mg yeast tRNA and 1 g BSA into 1L Dulbecco's Phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)) 1000.0 DNA TAMRA 42152987 10.1007/s12088-025-01475-y Kd values of aptamers lw-1, lw-9, lw-27 are 12.76 nM, 14.03 nM, and 6.676 nM respectively step2c_literal_v3
278 CD20 protein P11836 WB1/1.CD20.1_3S TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGCTGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC 15.0 nM -7.824 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB1/1.CD20.1_3S | 5'-TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC-3' | 3.96 | 15 ± 7.4 | 14 ± 8.3 step2c_literal_v3
193 α-thrombin protein P00734 TBA-iT7 GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG 15.9 nM -7.799 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   SPR 298.15 7.4 138 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, and 1.76 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.4, 0.05% Tween-20   DNA 3'-inverted thymidine at position 7 30735210 10.1039/c9ob00053d TBA-iT7 | 15.9 step2c_literal_v3
216 fibrin protein P05160 FA CCTTCGTTGTCTGCCTTCGTAGGACCGCAGACATCGACGCAGGGAAATTCCGCAAGTCCAGCCAAATGCCACCCTTCAGAATTCGCACCA 16.6 nM -7.78 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   microscale thermophoresis         DNA   33395250 10.1021/acsami.0c16666 Interestingly, it was determined that FA has a higher a ffi nity toward fi brin, with the K d of 16.6 nM step2c_literal_v3
294 CD19 protein P15391 WB17/17.CD19.1_3S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 17.0 nM -7.77 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17/17.CD19.1_3S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 3.96 | 18 ± 6.4 | 17 ± 5.5 step2c_literal_v3
293 CD19 protein P15391 WB17/17.CD19.1_3S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 18.0 nM -7.745 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17/17.CD19.1_3S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 3.96 | 18 ± 6.4 | 17 ± 5.5 step2c_literal_v3
296 CD19 protein P15391 WB17/17.CD19.1_4S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 20.0 nM -7.699 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17/17.CD19.1_4S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 5.28 | 21 ± 13 | 20 ± 12 step2c_literal_v3
295 CD19 protein P15391 WB17/17.CD19.1_4S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 21.0 nM -7.678 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17/17.CD19.1_4S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 5.28 | 21 ± 13 | 20 ± 12 step2c_literal_v3
289 CD19 protein P15391 WB17.CD19 AGAGACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTGGCTTCTT 24.0 nM -7.62 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA   41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB17.CD19 | 5'-AGAGACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTGGCTTCTT-3' | - | N.P. | 24 ± 4.1 step2c_literal_v3
485 melamine protein   Mel36-1 GGAGTTCGTAGAGGTGTCCTAAGTCTTTAGGTTGGA 2.4000000000000003e-08 M -7.62 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified     298.15           42261635 10.1021/acs.analchem.6c01553 Mel36-1 has the most sensitive response with an apparent K d of 24 nM step2c_acs_v1
244 MPO protein P05164 MPO-34 AGTCTATAATTGCGATCCACACGTTCAATAACGTGGAAAAGACTGGTGG 24910.0 pM -7.604 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI backfill_text_verified   flow_cytometry     selection buffer (DPBS with 2.5 mM MgCl2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.01% TWEEN-20, 0.2% BSA) 2.5 DNA   37277648 10.1038/s41557-023-01207-z MPO-34 ... K d : 24,910 pM step2c_literal_v3
280 CD20 protein P11836 WB1/1.CD20.1_4S TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGCTGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC 25.0 nM -7.602 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 277.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB1/1.CD20.1_4S | 5'-TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//TGACTGCGAATTCGCCCTCTGTTTCTGCCTTATTATTTTTTGTTTGCTTCTTGGACACGGTGGC-3' | 5.28 | 25 ± 12 | 65 ± 38 step2c_literal_v3
299 CD19 protein P15391 WB15/17.CD19.1_3S ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGTACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT 25.0 nM -7.602 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified verified_in_text_or_SI original   flow_cytometry 310.15   RPMI-1640 medium (+25 mM HEPES, +L-glutamine)   DNA Spacer 9 41079126 10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102712 WB15/17.CD19.1_3S | 5'-ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCGCCCTTACGGCCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT//Sp9//Sp9//Sp9//ACCCTGACTGCGAATTCGCTCTCCCTTACGGGCTTACATGTTCGCATCCCCCCTTTGGACACGGT-3' | 3.96 | N.P. | 25 ± 7.1 step2c_literal_v3

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CREATE VIEW v_kd AS
SELECT k.id,
 target_name_canonical,
 CASE
   WHEN target_name_canonical LIKE '%cell%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%vesicle%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%exosome%' THEN 'cell/EV'
   WHEN target_name_canonical LIKE '%BSA%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%sLe%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%glycan%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '% Le %' THEN 'glycan/conjugate'
   ELSE 'protein'
 END AS target_type,
 target_uniprot, aptamer_name, aptamer_seq,
 (COALESCE(kd_value,'') || CASE WHEN COALESCE(kd_unit,'')!='' THEN ' '||kd_unit ELSE '' END) AS kd_reported,
 CAST(NULLIF(kd_log10_molar,'') AS REAL) AS kd_log10_molar,
 measurement_class, binding_constant_type, 'Gold' AS tier, k.tier AS source_origin,
 CASE
   WHEN vh.verdict='confirmed' THEN 'human_verified'
   WHEN vh.verdict='corrected' THEN 'human_corrected'
   WHEN vh.verdict='rejected'  THEN 'human_rejected'
   WHEN k.verification_status='agent_verified_L2' THEN 'multi_agent_verified'
   WHEN k.verification_status IN ('verified','CONFIRM') THEN 'extraction_verified'
   ELSE 'automated'
 END AS verification_level,
 sequence_status, seq_source, pi_provenance_flag,
 assay_method,
 CAST(NULLIF(assay_temperature_k,'') AS REAL) AS assay_temperature_k,
 CAST(NULLIF(assay_ph,'') AS REAL) AS assay_ph,
 assay_buffer, assay_cations, aptamer_chemistry, aptamer_modifications,
 source_pmid, doi, verbatim_quote, source_db
FROM kd_measurements k LEFT JOIN verification_human vh ON vh.row_id=k.source_record_id
WHERE LOWER(COALESCE(k.include_in_gold,''))='true';