Binding affinities (Kd) — source-verified (view)

742 distinct verbatim-verified aptamer–target Kd measurements (canonical Gold v1; 555 intrinsic-equilibrium; 300 unique targets; 287 publications; 435 carry a verbatim-verified sequence). ★HOW TO READ: 'kd_reported' is the value EXACTLY as written in the paper (units are MIXED — pM/nM/M — so it is NOT directly comparable). To compare, sort, or train an ML model, use ONLY 'kd_log10_molar' (lower = tighter) and filter measurement_class=intrinsic + target_type=protein. The same target appears in several rows because of different aptamers, assays, conditions (temperature/buffer) or papers — see those columns. For a clean ready-to-use subset use the 'kd_ready_to_use' query. Source: corpus literature-extraction pipeline (E. Dohi).

Data license: CC BY 4.0 · Data source: apt-scout automated curation pipeline (E. Dohi, NCNP) — values harvested from public databases; raw source stored per target

target_name_canonical
Target as named in the source paper.
target_type
protein / cell-line+EV / glycan-conjugate. Filter to 'protein' for molecular targets.
target_uniprot
UniProt accession when a human protein (sparse for now; links to apt-scout target).
aptamer_name
Aptamer identifier as reported.
kd_reported
Kd value AS REPORTED in the paper (value + unit). Units are MIXED — do NOT compare this column directly.
kd_log10_molar
log10(Kd in molar). THE column to sort / compare / learn on (lower = tighter).
measurement_class
intrinsic = equilibrium vs purified target; non_intrinsic = apparent/cellular or avidity (NOT comparable to intrinsic).
binding_constant_type
Kd / apparent-Kd etc. as reported.
assay_method
SPR / filter binding / flow cytometry / ITC / BLI …
assay_temperature_k
Assay temperature (K) — a reason the same pair can have several rows.
source_pmid
PubMed ID of the source paper (links out).
verbatim_quote
The exact sentence the value was taken from.
verification_level
QC status (honest, growing): human_verified / human_corrected = a logged human verdict from the stratified-random sample; multi_agent_verified = passed independent multi-agent (L2) check; extraction_verified = extraction-pipeline verified; automated. Human verification is in progress: as of this release 0 records carry a logged human verdict — the published set is multi-agent-/extraction-verified, and human spot-checking is being added post-publication (version-tracked). No record is labelled human_verified without a logged human review.
sequence_status
Aptamer-sequence provenance: verified_in_text_or_SI = sequence verbatim-verified against the source text/SI (shown); pending_manual_supp / pending_supp_oa / pending_manual_figure = sequence reported only in a (often paywalled) SI or a figure, being curated post-submission; no_single_sequence_pool = a pool/library/primer, no single sequence exists.
pi_provenance_flag
PI manual-review flag: KEEP_seq_in_figure = valid record, sequence is in a 3D-structure figure; FLAG_cited_data = Kd may be a value cited from elsewhere, re-verify. (EXCLUDE rows are hidden from this view.)
seq_source
original (already in source DB) / backfill_text_verified (recovered from paper or SI text).

49 rows where sequence_status = "pending_supp_oa" sorted by kd_log10_molar

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Suggested facets: target_name_canonical, target_uniprot, source_origin, assay_temperature_k, assay_buffer, aptamer_modifications, source_pmid, doi, source_db

assay_method 6

verification_level 2

target_type 2

measurement_class 2

tier 1

sequence_status 1

  • pending_supp_oa · 49 ✖

binding_constant_type 1

id target_name_canonical target_type target_uniprot aptamer_name aptamer_seq kd_reported kd_log10_molar ▼ measurement_class binding_constant_type tier source_origin verification_level sequence_status seq_source pi_provenance_flag assay_method assay_temperature_k assay_ph assay_buffer assay_cations aptamer_chemistry aptamer_modifications source_pmid doi verbatim_quote source_db
247 Human thrombin protein P00734 Lin08-08   0.4 nM -9.398 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa   KEEP_seq_in_figure SPR   7.4 PBS [pH 7.4], 0.05 [v/v%] surfactant Tween 20   DNA   37621412 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.038 Lin(08-08) | 1.63 10^6 | 6.94 10^-4 | 0.4 step2c_literal_v3
249 Human thrombin protein P00734 Pse08-08   0.4 nM -9.398 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa   KEEP_seq_in_figure SPR   7.4 PBS [pH 7.4], 0.05 [v/v%] surfactant Tween 20   DNA   37621412 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.038 Pse(08-08) | 1.19 10^6 | 5.10 10^-4 | 0.4 step2c_literal_v3
724 Heparin-binding protein protein P21246 Apt-13   1.04 nM -8.983 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       38675537 10.3390/molecules29081717 The KD values of the three aptamers were 3.42, 1.44, and 1.04 nM, respectively elsevier_step2c
328 ATP protein P00846 Huizenga-Szostak ATP aptamer   1.3e-09 M -8.886 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified pending_supp_oa     fluorescence         DNA   25170558 10.1021/bc500286r binding a ffi nity can be tuned over 4 orders of magnitude (1.3 nM -203 μ M) step2c_acs_v1
723 Heparin-binding protein protein P21246 Apt-02   1.44 nM -8.842 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       38675537 10.3390/molecules29081717 The KD values of the three aptamers were 3.42, 1.44, and 1.04 nM, respectively elsevier_step2c
202 CD8a protein P01732 A3   1.9 nM -8.721 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers have apparent K D values of 18.3 ± 4.6, 1.9 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.9 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
203 CD8a protein P01732 A8   2.4 nM -8.62 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers have apparent K D values of 18.3 ± 4.6, 1.9 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.9 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
226 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 JBA8.26   3.3 nM -8.481 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 JBA8.26 bound TfR1 hi H9 T-lymphoma cells with an apparent K D of 3.3 ± 0.6 nM step2c_literal_v3
250 Mouse thrombin protein   Pse08-08   4.2 nM -8.377 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa   KEEP_seq_in_figure SPR   7.4 PBS [pH 7.4], 0.05 [v/v%] surfactant Tween 20   DNA   37621412 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.038 Pse(08-08) | 7.35 10^5 | 3.06 10^-3 | 4.2 step2c_literal_v3
224 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 JBA8.1   5.5 nM -8.26 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA fluorescein-labeled 35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 JBA8.1 has an apparent binding affinity (K D ) of 5.5 ± 1.2 nM step2c_literal_v3
63 CD8a protein P01732 A8   5.59 nM -8.253 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI 298.15   binding buffer with 0.01% Tween 20   DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers bound the protein with binding affinities ( K D values) of 20.1 ± 0.2, 14.7 ± 0.1 and 5.59 ± 0.11 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
248 Mouse thrombin protein   Lin08-08   6.7 nM -8.174 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa   KEEP_seq_in_figure SPR   7.4 PBS [pH 7.4], 0.05 [v/v%] surfactant Tween 20   DNA   37621412 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.038 Lin(08-08) | 6.41 10^5 | 4.30 10^-3 | 6.7 step2c_literal_v3
87 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 JBA8.26   6.87 nM -8.163 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI         DNA   35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 Using BLI, JBA8.26 was found to bind immobilized TfR1 with a K D of 6.87 ± 0.04 nM step2c_literal_v3
689 EN2 protein P19622 EBA   8.26 nM -8.083 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       35798816 10.1038/s41598-022-15556-1 EBA had K d = 8.26 nM (R 2 = 0.971) elsevier_step2c
225 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 tJBA8.1   10.9 nM -7.963 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 versus that of 10.9 ± 2.4 nM for tJBA8.1 step2c_literal_v3
697 β-conglutin protein   unmodified β-CBA II aptamer   11.1 nM -7.955 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       36354481 10.3390/bios12110972 with a similar KD of 11.1 nM and 18.5 nM obtained for the unmodified and modified aptamer, respectively. elsevier_step2c
62 CD8a protein P01732 A3   14.7 nM -7.833 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI 298.15   binding buffer with 0.01% Tween 20   DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers bound the protein with binding affinities ( K D values) of 20.1 ± 0.2, 14.7 ± 0.1 and 5.59 ± 0.11 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
201 CD8a protein P01732 A1   18.3 nM -7.738 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers have apparent K D values of 18.3 ± 4.6, 1.9 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.9 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
698 β-conglutin protein   biotinylated dUTPs aptamer   18.5 nM -7.733 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       36354481 10.3390/bios12110972 with a similar KD of 11.1 nM and 18.5 nM obtained for the unmodified and modified aptamer, respectively. elsevier_step2c
61 CD8a protein P01732 A1   20.1 nM -7.697 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI 298.15   binding buffer with 0.01% Tween 20   DNA   31209354 10.1038/s41551-019-0411-6 the A1, A3 and A8 aptamers bound the protein with binding affinities ( K D values) of 20.1 ± 0.2, 14.7 ± 0.1 and 5.59 ± 0.11 nM, respectively step2c_literal_v3
677 saxitoxin protein O60939 45e   21.2 nM -7.674 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       35324725 10.3390/toxins14030228 aptamer 45e with a K d value of 21.2 nM elsevier_step2c
128 CD117 protein P10721 Apta02   21.8 nM -7.662 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI 298.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 Apta02 and Apta04 exhibited K D 's of 21.8 nm and 1.10 µ m, respectively ( Figure 2 a,b). step2c_literal_v3
302 prostate-cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles cell/EV Q99523 seq25   24.02 nM -7.619 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     SPR     PBST buffer   DNA 5'-FAM 41646885 10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102836 The affinity of seq25 for positive selection was significantly higher than that of the other aptamers, with a KD of 24.02 nM step2c_literal_v3
86 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 tJBA8.1   25.11 nM -7.6 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI         DNA biotinylated 35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 tJBA8.1 bound the TfR1 protein with a K D value of 25.11 ± 0.19 nM step2c_literal_v3
227 transferrin receptor 1 protein P02786 tJBA8.1   25.6 nM -7.592 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry         DNA   35875870 10.1021/jacs.2c05349 compared to tJBA8.1's apparent K D of 25.6 ± 13.0 nM for these cells step2c_literal_v3
716 Enrofloxacin protein P05177 ENR-Apt 6   35.08 nM -7.455 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       38540931 10.3390/foods13060941 Figure 4A shows the non-linear fitting curve of ENR-Apt 6, with a Kd value of 35.08 nM. elsevier_step2c
222 CD20 protein P11836 WB1-CD20   73.0 nM -7.137 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 298.15   Cell Suspension Buffer (CSB)   DNA 5'-FAM 35829681 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00105 The apparent affinities of WB1-CD20 and WB2-CD20 were calculated as 73 nM and 163 nM at 25°C, respectively step2c_literal_v3
97 N-acetylneuraminic acid protein Q8NFW8 Neu5Ac aptamer   91.0 nM -7.041 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     ITC 310.15 7.4 1× aptamer binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM KCl, 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM MgCl2, pH 7.4) 1.0 DNA   37217750 10.1038/s41587-023-01801-z To validate ARPLA, we first determined the binding affinity ( K d ) of the Neu5Ac aptamer by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) as 91 nM (Extended Data Fig. 2a,b) step2c_literal_v3
687 mouse IL-2 protein   M20   91.0 nM -7.041 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       35756119 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09721 The results indicated that the af fi nity of the M20 aptamer was greater than the M15, and its predicted Kd was 91 nM elsevier_step2c
678 saxitoxin protein O60939 75a   136.0 nM -6.866 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       35324725 10.3390/toxins14030228 aptamer 75a with a K d value of 136 nM elsevier_step2c
220 CD19 protein P15391 WB15-CD19   153.0 nM -6.815 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 298.15   Cell Suspension Buffer (CSB)   DNA 5'-FAM 35829681 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00105 At 25 °C, WB15-CD19 showed an apparent affinity of 153 nM step2c_literal_v3
223 CD20 protein P11836 WB2-CD20   163.0 nM -6.788 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 298.15   Cell Suspension Buffer (CSB)   DNA 5'-FAM 35829681 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00105 The apparent affinities of WB1-CD20 and WB2-CD20 were calculated as 73 nM and 163 nM at 25°C, respectively step2c_literal_v3
221 CD19 protein P15391 WB17-CD19   187.0 nM -6.728 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 298.15   Cell Suspension Buffer (CSB)   DNA 5'-FAM 35829681 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00105 and WB17-CD19 showed an apparent affinity of 187 nM (Figure S12A-B). step2c_literal_v3
419 cortisol protein P08185 CSS.3   2.4000000000000003e-07 M -6.62 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 multi_agent_verified pending_supp_oa                   38270529 10.1021/acssensors.3c02004 Our own internal work confirmed that CSS.3 had the best binding affinity in binding buffer with a K D of 240 nM step2c_acs_v1
673 kanamycin protein   Apt 1/Apt 2 (split aptamers)   247.0 nM -6.607 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       35316405 10.1007/s00604-022-05235-3 With the (GlcN)5 added in the binding buffer, the Kd was measured to be 247 nM elsevier_step2c
672 kanamycin protein   Apt 1/Apt 2 (split aptamers)   304.0 nM -6.517 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       35316405 10.1007/s00604-022-05235-3 The split aptamers exhibited high affinity towards the kanamycin, with an Kd of 304 nM. elsevier_step2c
263 H-6 cells cell/EV O14756 Apta25   0.42 µM -6.377 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 310.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 H-6 cells showed binding with Apta25 ( K D value-0.42 ± 0.093 µ m) step2c_literal_v3
688 mouse IL-2 protein   M15   600.0 nM -6.222 intrinsic Kd Gold elsevier extraction_verified pending_supp_oa           text       35756119 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09721 The calculation of the dissociation constant predicted 91 and 600 nM Kd for M20 and M15, respectively elsevier_step2c
261 K-1 cells cell/EV O60814 Apta30   0.66 µM -6.18 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 310.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 Apta30 ( K D -0.66 ± 0.12 µ m) step2c_literal_v3
129 CD117 protein P10721 Apta04   1100.0 nM -5.959 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI 298.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 Apta02 and Apta04 exhibited K D 's of 21.8 nm and 1.10 µ m, respectively ( Figure 2 a,b). step2c_literal_v3
264 H-6 cells cell/EV O14756 Apta30   1.107 µM -5.956 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 310.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 H-6 cells showed binding with ... Apta30 ( K D -1.107 ± 0.208 µ m) step2c_literal_v3
131 CD123 protein O75794 Apta25   1.16 µM -5.936 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI 298.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 BLI binding assays of both aptamers demonstrated binding to human recombinant CD123 with K D s of 1.16 µ m for ZW25 and 15.6 µ m for CY30 (Figure S2, Supporting Information). step2c_literal_v3
262 K-1 cells cell/EV O60814 Apta25   1.358 µM -5.867 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 310.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 Apta25 ( K D value-1.358 ± 0.201 µ m) step2c_literal_v3
259 K-1 cells cell/EV O60814 Apta02   1.821 µM -5.74 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 310.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 Apta02 ( K D value-1.821 ± 0.117 µ m) step2c_literal_v3
260 K-1 cells cell/EV O60814 Apta04   1.867 µM -5.729 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 310.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 Apta04 ( K D value-1.867 ± 0.19 µ m) step2c_literal_v3
121 CTNNA1 protein P35221 EA2   2.07 µM -5.684 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     MST         DNA biotinylated 40265971 10.1002/advs.202411930 The K d values (2.07 ± 0.60 µ M) obtained from MST assay (Figure 2l) further corroborated the specific binding between CTNNA1 and EA2. step2c_literal_v3
265 H-9 cells cell/EV Q8IVB4 Apta02   4.93 µM -5.307 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 310.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 H-9 cells showed binding with Apta02 ( K D value-4.93 ± 0.367 µ m) step2c_literal_v3
266 H-9 cells cell/EV Q8IVB4 Apta04   5.402 µM -5.267 non_intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     flow_cytometry 310.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 H-9 cells showed binding with ... Apta04 ( K D value-5.402 ± 0.795 µ m) step2c_literal_v3
130 CD123 protein O75794 Apta30   15.6 µM -4.807 intrinsic Kd Gold v4 extraction_verified pending_supp_oa     BLI 298.15       DNA   40487293 10.1002/adfm.202425394 BLI binding assays of both aptamers demonstrated binding to human recombinant CD123 with K D s of 1.16 µ m for ZW25 and 15.6 µ m for CY30 (Figure S2, Supporting Information). step2c_literal_v3

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CREATE VIEW v_kd AS
SELECT k.id,
 target_name_canonical,
 CASE
   WHEN target_name_canonical LIKE '%cell%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%vesicle%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%exosome%' THEN 'cell/EV'
   WHEN target_name_canonical LIKE '%BSA%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%sLe%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '%glycan%' OR target_name_canonical LIKE '% Le %' THEN 'glycan/conjugate'
   ELSE 'protein'
 END AS target_type,
 target_uniprot, aptamer_name, aptamer_seq,
 (COALESCE(kd_value,'') || CASE WHEN COALESCE(kd_unit,'')!='' THEN ' '||kd_unit ELSE '' END) AS kd_reported,
 CAST(NULLIF(kd_log10_molar,'') AS REAL) AS kd_log10_molar,
 measurement_class, binding_constant_type, 'Gold' AS tier, k.tier AS source_origin,
 CASE
   WHEN vh.verdict='confirmed' THEN 'human_verified'
   WHEN vh.verdict='corrected' THEN 'human_corrected'
   WHEN vh.verdict='rejected'  THEN 'human_rejected'
   WHEN k.verification_status='agent_verified_L2' THEN 'multi_agent_verified'
   WHEN k.verification_status IN ('verified','CONFIRM') THEN 'extraction_verified'
   ELSE 'automated'
 END AS verification_level,
 sequence_status, seq_source, pi_provenance_flag,
 assay_method,
 CAST(NULLIF(assay_temperature_k,'') AS REAL) AS assay_temperature_k,
 CAST(NULLIF(assay_ph,'') AS REAL) AS assay_ph,
 assay_buffer, assay_cations, aptamer_chemistry, aptamer_modifications,
 source_pmid, doi, verbatim_quote, source_db
FROM kd_measurements k LEFT JOIN verification_human vh ON vh.row_id=k.source_record_id
WHERE LOWER(COALESCE(k.include_in_gold,''))='true';